Context

The implementation of the Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act, 2022 has accelerated across India, with law-enforcement agencies collecting and storing DNA records in a centralized database maintained by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB). The initiative seeks to strengthen forensic investigations and improve criminal identification through the use of advanced technologies.

Background

The Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act, 2022 replaced the colonial-era Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920, which was largely restricted to fingerprints and footprints.

The Act was introduced to:

1. Modernise criminal investigations through advanced forensic and biometric technologies.
2. Improve the quality and reliability of evidence collection.
3. Facilitate effective tracking of offenders across jurisdictions.
4. Strengthen the criminal justice system through scientific methods.

Key Provisions

The Act authorises police and prison authorities to collect measurements from:

1. Convicted persons.
2. Individuals arrested for offences punishable with imprisonment of seven years or more.
3. Persons detained under preventive detention laws.

Measurements Covered

The Act permits the collection of:

1. Fingerprints and palm prints.
2. Footprints and photographs.
3. Iris and retina scans.
4. Biological samples, including blood and saliva for DNA profiling.
5. Signatures and handwriting samples.

Data Management Framework

1. Records are stored in a centralized database maintained by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB).
2. Data may be retained for up to 75 years from the date of collection.
3. Records are required to be destroyed when an individual is acquitted or discharged in all proceedings.

Institutional Framework

1. The system is accessible to state police organisations and prison authorities.
2. Central agencies such as the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), National Investigation Agency (NIA), and Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) are authorised to use the database.
3. Dedicated measurement collection units have been established across police districts and prisons to facilitate implementation.

National Automated Fingerprint Identification System (NAFIS)

The National Automated Fingerprint Identification System (NAFIS), launched by the NCRB in 2022, serves as a key component of the identification framework.

Key features include:

1. Automated fingerprint matching and verification.
2. Nationwide access to fingerprint records.
3. Instant cross-state identification capabilities.
4. Facilitates identification of suspects across states and assists in the investigation of long-pending cases.

Technology-Enabled Investigation Framework

The CrPI framework integrates biometric, forensic, and digital technologies through:

1. A unified database containing fingerprints, facial images, iris scans, and biological records.
2. Automated matching of crime-scene evidence with existing records.
3. Photo-based identification of suspects.
4. Video analytics for processing CCTV footage.
5. Scientific tracking of repeat offenders and criminal networks.

Significance

1. Promotes evidence-based and technology-driven policing.
2. Enables faster and more accurate identification of suspects.
3. Improves coordination among law-enforcement agencies across jurisdictions.
4. Supports effective tracking of habitual and interstate offenders.
5. Reduces dependence on manual record verification.
6. Supports the transition towards a modern and technology-driven criminal justice system.

Challenges and Way Forward

 Conclusion

The Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act, 2022 represents an important step towards integrating forensic science and digital technologies into criminal investigations. While the framework can enhance crime detection and investigative efficiency, its long-term effectiveness will depend on robust privacy safeguards, data security measures, judicial oversight, and adherence to constitutional principles.