The National Symbols of India are the definitive icons that project the country’s identity, values, and rich historical tapestry to the world. Far more than mere imagery, these 17 symbols encapsulate the collective spirit of over 1.4 billion people, fostering a deep sense of patriotism, unity, and pride. From the tricolor flag that fluttered during the freedom struggle to the endangered Ganges River Dolphin, each symbol reflects India’s commitment to its heritage and environmental conservation.
For citizens and competitive exam aspirants alike, understanding these symbols is crucial for grasping the cultural and constitutional framework of the nation.
The Core State Symbols: Identity and Governance
These symbols represent the formal authority of the Republic of India and are used in official capacities, from government documents to international diplomatic forums.
1. National Flag: Tiranga
The Tiranga (Tricolor) was designed by Pingali Venkayya and officially adopted by the Constituent Assembly on July 22, 1947.
- Saffron: Represents courage and sacrifice.
- White: Symbolizes peace and truth with the Ashoka Chakra (24 spokes) in the center.
- Green: Signifies fertility, growth, and auspiciousness of the land.
2. National Emblem: State Emblem of India
Adopted on January 26, 1950, from the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath. It features four Asiatic lions standing back-to-back. The motto “Satyameva Jayate” (Truth Alone Triumphs), inscribed in Devanagari script at the base, is taken from the Mundaka Upanishad.
3. National Currency: Indian Rupee (INR)
The Indian Rupee is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The current symbol (₹) was designed by Udayakumar Dharmalingam and adopted in 2010. It blends the Devanagari ‘Ra’ and the Roman capital ‘R’, signifying India’s economic heritage and global presence.
4. National Calendar: Saka Calendar
Adopted in 1957 for official purposes, the Saka Era calendar begins with the month of Chaitra. It runs alongside the Gregorian calendar for use in the Gazette of India and news broadcasts.
5. National Anthem: Jana Gana Mana
Composed by the Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore, it was officially adopted as the National Anthem on January 24, 1950. The song captures the diverse geography and the unity of the Indian people.
6. National Song: Vande Mataram
Written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in his novel Anandamath, it played a pivotal role during the Indian independence movement. It was adopted as the National Song in 1950, holding equal status with the National Anthem.
Natural Heritage: Flora and Fauna of India
India’s biodiversity is represented through symbols that highlight the nation’s unique ecological landscape and its commitment to wildlife protection.
| Symbol Category | National Symbol | Key Significance |
| National Animal | Royal Bengal Tiger | Represents grace, strength, and agility; chosen to highlight wildlife conservation efforts. |
| National Bird | Indian Peacock | Adopted in 1963; symbolizes beauty, vibrance, and Indian cultural heritage. |
| National Flower | Lotus | Symbolizes purity, divinity, and the ability to remain detached from worldly attachments. |
| National Tree | Indian Banyan | Known for its longevity and vast canopy; represents immortality and resilience. |
| National Fruit | Mango | Known as the “King of Fruits”; represents the sweetness and prosperity of the land. |
| National Vegetable | Pumpkin | Chosen for its ability to grow across the country with minimal resources; a staple of the Indian diet. |
Aquatic and Specialized Symbols: Conservational Focus
In recent years, India has expanded its list of symbols to bring attention to specific ecological zones and endangered species.
- National River: The Ganga
Declared in 2008, the Ganges is the longest river in India. It is considered sacred in Hinduism and is the lifeline for millions of people living in the Indo-Gangetic plain. - National Aquatic Animal: Ganges River Dolphin
Declaring this endangered mammal as a national symbol aims to accelerate the conservation of the river’s ecosystem. These dolphins are reliable indicators of the health of the entire river system. - National Heritage Animal: Indian Elephant
Recognized for its role in Indian history and culture, the elephant symbolizes wisdom and strength. This status helps in creating specialized “Elephant Corridors” for their protection. - National Reptile: King Cobra
As the only snake in the world that builds nests, the King Cobra represents India’s diverse reptilian fauna and holds significant space in Indian mythology.
Civic Symbols: Pledges and Allegiance
- Oath of Allegiance: National Pledge
Commonly recited in schools, the National Pledge was originally composed in Telugu by Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao in 1962. It emphasizes unity, brotherhood, and a sense of duty toward the nation.
10 FAQs: National Symbols of India
Q1 Who designed the National Flag of India?
The Indian National Flag, the Tiranga, was designed by Pingali Venkayya.
Q2 What is the motto inscribed on the National Emblem?
The motto is ‘Satyameva Jayate’, which translates to “Truth Alone Triumphs.”
Q3 When was the Ganges declared the National River of India?
The Ganges was officially declared the National River in 2008 to bolster its spiritual and ecological protection.
Q4 Which animal is the National Heritage Animal of India?
The Indian Elephant is the National Heritage Animal, symbolizing wisdom and cultural strength.
Q5 Who composed India’s National Anthem?
The National Anthem, ‘Jana Gana Mana’, was composed by Rabindranath Tagore.
Q6 What does the lotus symbolize in Indian culture?
The Lotus represents purity, beauty, and the spiritual concept of rising above challenges and impurities.
Q7 Is the National Song different from the National Anthem?
Yes, the National Anthem is ‘Jana Gana Mana’, while the National Song is ‘Vande Mataram’, written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.
Q8 Which calendar is used for official government purposes in India?
The Saka Calendar, adopted in 1957, is India’s national calendar.
Q9 Why is the Banyan tree the National Tree of India?
The Banyan tree is chosen for its immortality, vast expanding branches, and deep spiritual significance in Indian traditions.
Q10 What is the significance of the National Aquatic Animal?
The Ganges River Dolphin was chosen as the National Aquatic Animal to represent the purity of the river and to raise awareness for the conservation of this endangered species.
