Daily Current Affairs Quiz: January 20, 2026

Statement 1 is incorrect: Amendments affecting the federal structure cannot be passed by a simple majority. They require a special majority in Parliament plus ratification by at least half of the State legislatures.

Statement 2 is correct: Many constitutional amendments require a special majority—that is, a majority of the total membership of each House and two-thirds of members present and voting.

Statement 3 is correct: Amendments relating to federal features like Centre–State relations, representation of states, and judicial powers require ratification by at least 50% of State legislatures, in addition to a special parliamentary majority.

Statement 1 is correct: Since 1950, the Indian Constitution has been amended more than 100 times, reflecting its adaptability to changing political, social, and economic needs while operating within a structured amendment framework.

Statement 2 is correct: The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, enacted during the Emergency, made extensive changes to the Constitution, earning the title “Mini Constitution” due to its wide scope and impact.

Statement 3 is correct: The 101st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2016 introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST), subsuming multiple central and state indirect taxes to create a unified national market.

Statement 4 is incorrect: Not all constitutional amendments require state ratification. Only amendments affecting federal provisions need approval by at least half of the State legislatures; others can be passed solely by Parliament.

Option A is incorrect: Creation of a new state or alteration of state boundaries is done under Article 3 and requires only a simple majority in Parliament, not a special majority.

Option B is incorrect: Abolition of a State Legislative Council under Article 169 needs a simple majority in Parliament, after a resolution is passed by the concerned State Assembly.

Option C is incorrect: Impeachment of the President is governed by Article 61, which prescribes a special procedure, not an amendment under Article 368 requiring a special majority.

Option D is correct: Amendments to Fundamental Rights fall under Article 368 and require a special majority—a majority of total membership and two-thirds of members present and voting in each House of Parliament.

Statement 1 is incorrect: Admission or establishment of new States falls under Article 2, which can be amended by a simple majority of Parliament, not requiring state ratification.

Statement 2 is correct: The extent of the executive power of the Union affects Centre–State relations and the federal balance, hence amendments require a special majority of Parliament plus ratification by at least half of State legislatures.

Statement 3 is incorrect: Provisions related to citizenship (Articles 5–11) can be amended by simple majority, as they are specifically excluded from Article 368 procedures.

Statement 4 is correct: Representation of States in Parliament is a core federal feature. Any amendment requires a special majority in Parliament and consent of at least 50% of State legislatures.

Option A is incorrect: Federal structure explains the distribution of powers between Union and States, but it does not determine how easily or rigidly constitutional provisions can be amended.

Option B is incorrect: Fundamental Rights define citizens’ rights and liberties; they do not explain the mechanism that balances rigidity and flexibility in constitutional change.

Option C is correct: The Constitution provides different amendment procedures—simple majority, special majority, and special majority with state ratification—making it flexible in some parts and rigid in others, ensuring balance and adaptability.

Option D is incorrect: Directive Principles guide state policy and governance goals, but they are unrelated to the degree of difficulty involved in amending the Constitution.