Diphtheria: A Preventable Threat Re-emerging

Context

After decades of control through vaccination, diphtheria is reappearing in some regions, indicating gaps in immunisation and public health systems.

Q1. What is diphtheria and what are its key characteristics?

1. Diphtheria is a highly contagious bacterial disease that mainly affects the upper respiratory tract and sometimes the skin.
2. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which releases a toxin damaging body tissues.
3. The infection typically develops on the throat or skin surface, forming characteristic lesions.
4. It is a vaccine-preventable disease, though immunity requires multiple doses and boosters.

Q2. What are the different types of diphtheria?

Q3. How is diphtheria transmitted?

1. Spreads through respiratory droplets during coughing or sneezing.
2. Can also spread through direct contact with infected skin lesions.
3. Some individuals may act as asymptomatic carriers, transmitting the bacteria without showing symptoms.

Q4. What are the symptoms of diphtheria?

Q5. What complications can arise from diphtheria?

1. Airway blockage, leading to suffocation
2. Heart damage (myocarditis) and possible failure
3. Nerve damage, affecting body functions
4. Kidney failure
5. Can be fatal (around 30% in untreated cases), especially in children

Q6. What is the treatment for diphtheria?

1. Use of Diphtheria Antitoxin (DAT) to neutralise toxins
2. Antibiotics to stop bacterial growth and supportive medical care for complications
3. Early treatment is crucial to prevent permanent organ damage

Q7. How can diphtheria be prevented and why is it still a concern?

1. Prevented through vaccination with booster doses
2. Requires high immunisation coverage to maintain herd immunity
3. Re-emergence shows gaps in vaccination and surveillance systems
4. Continued vigilance is needed to avoid outbreaks and protect vulnerable populations

Conclusion

Diphtheria is preventable but still dangerous if neglected. Strengthening vaccination and surveillance is essential to prevent its resurgence.