1. Western Ghats
Why in the News?
- Odonatologists have reconfirmed the presence of the elusive dragonfly species Crocothemis erythraea in the southern Western Ghats after years of misidentification.
- The species was confirmed through multiple expeditions (2019–2023) in high-altitude regions like Munnar, proving that the Western Ghats host both servilia (lowland) and C. erythraea (highland) species.
About the Western Ghats
- Location: Runs parallel to the western coast of India, across the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu.
- Extent: Stretches for about 1,600 km from the Tapti River (north) to Kanyakumari (south).
- UNESCO Status: Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its rich biodiversity and endemism.
- Geography: A chain of continuous mountains and hills with high rainfall, dense forests, and numerous rivers originating from it.
- Biodiversity Hotspot: Home to over 7,400 species of flowering plants, 139 mammal species, 508 bird species, and many endemic amphibians and reptiles.
- Climate: Receives heavy monsoon rainfall, influencing the climate and agriculture of peninsular India.
- Rivers: Major rivers like Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri originate here, making it a critical water source.
- Significance: Plays a vital role in monsoon dynamics, carbon sequestration, and maintaining ecological balance in South India.
2. Mount Etna
Why in the News?
- Mount Etna, Europe’s most active volcano located in Sicily, Italy, has been erupting continuously since August 10, 2025.
- Recent aerial visuals show people standing near advancing lava flows.
- The eruption has been ongoing for weeks, highlighting the geological activity and tourism–safety challenges around the volcano.
About Mount Etna
- Other Name: Known in Latin as Aetna.
- Location: Eastern coast of Sicily, Italy (Metropolitan City of Catania).
- Type: Active stratovolcano.
- Tectonic Setting: Lies above the convergent boundary of the African Plate and Eurasian Plate.
- Height: Tallest active volcano in Europe and Italy’s highest peak south of the Alps.
- Size: Covers about 1,190 sq. km with a basal circumference of 140 km.
- Activity: One of the most active volcanoes in the world.
- Global Recognition:
- Designated as a Decade Volcano by the United Nations (due to hazards and proximity to populated areas).
- Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
