India is witnessing a demographic paradox, with an improving sex ratio alongside a declining Total Fertility Rate (TFR). This reflects the impact of socio-economic development, women’s empowerment, and changing reproductive behaviour during India’s demographic transition.

Reasons for the improving sex ratio

1. Improved healthcare: Better maternal and child healthcare has reduced female mortality and increased female life expectancy. As a result, the Sex Ratio at Birth improved from 919 (NFHS-4) to 929 females per 1,000 males (NFHS-5).
2. Rising female literacy: According to the Ministry of Education, India’s literacy rate increased from 74% (2011) to 9% (2023–24). Greater female education has reduced gender bias and enhanced the status of women.
3. Women’s empowerment: Increased participation of women in education, employment, and household decision-making has strengthened their autonomy and improved the value accorded to daughters.
4. Government initiatives: Programmes such as Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, effective implementation of the PCPNDT Act, and improved institutional deliveries have contributed to better gender outcomes.

Reasons for the declining fertility rate

1. Declining fertility: According to the Sample Registration System (SRS) Statistical Report, India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has declined to 1.9 children per woman, below the replacement level of 1.
2. Higher female education and delayed marriage have shortened the reproductive span and encouraged smaller families.
3. Women’s reproductive autonomy has enabled informed decisions regarding family size.
4. Urbanisation, nuclear families, rising cost of living, and higher expenditure on children’s education have discouraged large families.
5. Declining infant mortality has reduced the need for replacement births, while wider access to contraception and family planning has accelerated fertility decline.

Conclusion

The coexistence of an improving sex ratio and declining fertility reflects India’s evolving demographic transition rather than a contradiction. While improved gender indicators signify social progress, declining fertility calls for policies that support healthy ageing, women’s reproductive choices, and a sustainable demographic dividend, ensuring balanced and inclusive development.