Daily Current Affairs Quiz: November 24, 2025

Answer: A [2, and 3]
Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: Fundamental Rights are indeed enforceable by courts under Article 32, allowing individuals to seek judicial redress. In contrast, Directive Principles (under Part IV) are non-justiciable, meaning they cannot be enforced by courts but serve as guiding principles for state policy.

Statement 2 is correct: Fundamental Rights act as limitations on the powers of the state, ensuring individual liberties (e.g., right to equality, and freedom of speech). Directive Principles, however, are meant to guide the government in formulating policies aimed at social welfare and justice.

Statement 3 is correct:  The 86th Amendment (2002) added Article 21A, which provides for the Right to Education as a Fundamental Right, thereby transforming it from a Directive Principle under Article 45 into an enforceable right.

Statement 4 is incorrect: While Parliament has the authority to amend the Constitution, the Supreme Court has ruled that amendments affecting the basic structure cannot alter Fundamental Rights. The balance between FRs and DPSPs must respect the Constitution’s essential framework.

Answer: A [Only one]
Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: Fundamental Rights are not absolute and can be limited by the state under certain circumstances, such as during a state of emergency or through reasonable restrictions imposed by law.

Statement 2 is correct: Article 32 of the Indian Constitution provides the right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III, making it a Fundamental Right.

Statement 3 is incorrect: The Directive Principles of State Policy, outlined in Part IV of the Constitution, are guidelines for the state in governance, and are not enforceable by any court.

Answer: B [Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I]
Explanation:

Statement-1 is correct: The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002, substituted Article 45. The new article directs the State to “endeavour to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years.” The term ‘mandate’ in the statement refers to this constitutional directive.

Statement-2 is correct: Article 45 is a Directive Principle of State Policy (DPSP) under Part IV of the Constitution. As per Article 37, DPSPs are fundamental in the governance of the country but are not enforceable by any court.

Statement-II explains the general nature of all DPSPs (i.e., they are non-justiciable), but it does not explain the specific content of Statement-I (i.e., why the state’s directive is about early childhood care). The content of Article 45 is a result of a specific policy choice enacted through the 86th Amendment, not a consequence of its non-enforceable nature. Therefore, both statements are correct, but Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I.

Answer: A [Champakam Dorairajan case (1951)]
Explanation:

Option (a) is Correct: In the Champakam Dorairajan case (1951), the Supreme Court clarified that while Directive Principles provide guidance for State policy, they cannot infringe upon Fundamental Rights. This case led to the First Constitutional Amendment in 1951, allowing for some changes in Fundamental Rights to bring harmony with Directive Principles.

Option (b) is incorrect: Golaknath case (1967): In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that Parliament could not amend Fundamental Rights, though this stance was later overruled by the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973).

Option (c) is incorrect: Kesavananda Bharati case (1973): The Court established the Basic Structure Doctrine in this case, ensuring that Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution could not alter its basic structure, which includes both Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles.

Option (d) is incorrect: Minerva Mills case (1980): Here, the Court emphasized the balance between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles as part of the Constitution’s basic structure, reinforcing that neither could undermine the other.

Answer: A [Article 31]
Explanation:

Article 31 (Correct option): It was provided in the original Constitution as a Fundamental Right. The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 repealed it and made it a constitutional right under Article 300A.

Article 21: It says that no one can be deprived of his or her life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law.

Article 31C: Inserted by the 25th Amendment Act, 1971, it states that no law implementing socialistic directive principles specified in Articles 39 (b) and (c) shall be declared void on the grounds of violating Article 14 or Article 19.