Daily Current Affairs Quiz: December 27, 2025

Answer: D [1, 2 and 3]
Explanation:

The independent judiciary under the Constitution of India is designed to perform multiple core constitutional functions:

1. Protect the integrity and supremacy of the Constitution – Through judicial review, courts ensure that laws and executive actions conform to constitutional provisions.
2. Settle disputes between federal organs – The judiciary adjudicates conflicts between the Union and States, and among constitutional authorities.
3. Check abuse of authority by legislature and executive – By enforcing rule of law and fundamental rights, courts prevent arbitrary or unconstitutional actions.

Answer: B [2 only]
Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: The concept of Judicial Review did not originate in the United Kingdom. The UK follows the principle of Parliamentary Sovereignty, where courts cannot strike down laws passed by Parliament. Judicial Review developed primarily in the United States (e.g., Marbury v. Madison, 1803).

Statement 2 is correct: Judicial Review in India is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution of India, but it is implied through:

1. Separation of powers
2. Articles 13, 32, and 226
3. Supremacy of the Constitution

Courts derive this power to invalidate unconstitutional laws and executive actions.

Answer: A [2 and 3 only]
Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: The judiciary does not have sole authority to grant parole. Parole is primarily an executive function, exercised by the State government under prison rules. Courts intervene only to review arbitrariness or illegality.

Statement 2 is correct: Parole decisions are generally taken by parole or sentence review boards/committees, which include officials from the prison administration, police, and social welfare departments. Judicial officers may be associated in an advisory or oversight role in some States.

Statement 3 is correct: The Supreme Court of India has laid down principles and guidelines through various judgments to ensure fairness, non-arbitrariness, and uniformity in parole and furlough decisions across States.

Statement 4 is incorrect: Parole is not granted solely on good behaviour. Authorities also consider factors such as:

1. Nature and gravity of the offence
2. Risk to public order
3. Possibility of reoffending or absconding
4. Purpose of parole (family emergency, reformative needs, etc.)

Answer: B [Only two]
Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Judicial overreach refers to situations where the judiciary encroaches upon the domain of the legislature or executive, going beyond its constitutional mandate.

Statement 2 is incorrect: Judicial overreach is not universally defined or formally codified in the Indian legal framework. It is a conceptual and academic term, not a constitutionally defined doctrine.

Statement 3 is incorrect: Judicial overreach does not lead to a balance of power. Instead, it may disturb the separation of powers, causing institutional friction among the branches of government.

Answer: C [Fundamental Duties]
Explanation:

1. Fundamental Rights – Inspired largely by the Constitution of the United States, especially the Bill of Rights.
2. Independence of the Judiciary – A core feature borrowed from the US system, including security of tenure and separation from executive influence.
3. Fundamental Duties – Do NOT have a US parallel. They were added to the Constitution of India by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, inspired mainly by the former USSR Constitution.
4. Judicial Review – Directly inspired by the US practice (established through Marbury v. Madison).