Approach:

Introduction: Write about the evolution of Indian Foreign Policy
Body: Write about the shortcomings of India’s current foreign policy.also mention should india be more aggressive or act as a consensus builder.
Conclusion: Write a conclusion discussing how India’s foreign policy can help in a better world order

Ans:. Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister, served from 1947 to 1964. During this time, India's foreign policy was shaped by his vision of a non-aligned, independent, and democratic nation.

Indian foreign policy has evolved over the period of the years:

1. The first phase (1947-62): Optimistic Non-Alignment

This period is marked with a setting of a bipolar world, with camps led by the United States and the USSR.

In pursuit of this, India played a critical role in the establishment of the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) (1961), which marked the peak of Third World solidarity.

1. The second phase (1962-71): Decade of Realism and Recovery

After the 1962 war, India made pragmatic choices on security and political challenges.

1. It looked beyond non-alignment in the interest of national security, concluding a now largely forgotten defence agreement with the US in 1964.
2. The third phase (1971-91): Greater Indian Regional Assertion

India showed remarkable use of hard power when it liberated Bangladesh in the India-Pakistan war in 1971.

1. Further, the collapse of the USSR, India’s close ally, and the economic crisis in 1991 compelled India to look again at the first principles of both domestic and foreign policy.

The fourth phase (1991-98): Safeguarding Strategic Autonomy

The emergence of a unipolar world (led by the USA), encouraged India to change its approach to world affairs.

1. This fifth phase (1998-2013): India, a Balancing Power

In this period, India gradually acquired the attributes of a balancing power (against the rise of China).

1. The sixth phase (2013-until now): Energetic Engagement

In this phase of transitional geopolitics, India's policy of Non-Alignment has turned into Multi Alignment.

What are the Current Shortcomings to India’s Foreign Policy?

1. Crisis in the Middle East: The Hamas attack disrupted efforts to normalize Israel-Arab relations, leading to a devastating response from Israel and derailing the reconciliation process.
2. Stress in India-US Ties: Allegations of an Indian official’s involvement in an assassination plot have strained relations, with India promising to investigate if provided with information.
3. Russia-Ukraine War Fatigue: The prolonged conflict sees the West grappling with funding challenges, while Russia, despite sanctions, maintains resilience, partly due to its closeness with China.
4. India’s Maldives Challenge: The new government’s request for India to withdraw military personnel and terminate agreements reflects its proximity to China, complicating India’s strategic position.
5. China, the Biggest Worry: The ongoing border standoff and China’s influence in the region, including its ties with Russia and the Maldives, continue to be India’s primary strategic concerns.
6. G20 and Global South Positioning: India’s leadership in the G20 and its role in uniting the Global South reflect its aspiration to continue the legacy of Non-Alignment adapted to modern realities.
7. Engagement in Kabul: India’s cautious engagement with the Taliban and coordination for consular services indicate a nuanced approach to Afghanistan, balancing security and diplomatic needs.
8. US & Canada Relationships: Navigating the complexities arising from the assassination plot allegations and maintaining robust ties with both nations will be crucial for India.

Should India be more aggressive or a consensus builder :

Collective Approach to Tackle Environmental Issues: India has the potential to take the lead in tackling global environmental challenges reflected in its goal of reaching net zero by 2070 .Environmental problems are intertwined with social processes.Balancing Internal and External Development: India should look forward to creating an external environment which is conducive for an inclusive development of India so that the benefits of growth can reach the poorest of the poor in the country.

India’s foreign policy in the coming years will involve navigating a complex array of global conflicts, bilateral tensions, and internal political dynamics.The outcomes of various global and regional conflicts, along with India’s own electoral politics, will shape its strategic and foreign policy posture, reflecting a blend of continuity and change.

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