76th Anniversary of Accession of Hyderabad

On September 17, 2024, India marked the 76th anniversary of the accession of Hyderabad to the Indian Union, a significant event in post-independence consolidation.

Key Highlights of the Accession of Hyderabad:

Background of Hyderabad:

1. Geography: A large, landlocked princely state in south India, covering present-day Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and parts of Maharashtra.
2. Demographics: Predominantly Hindu population (87%) under a Muslim ruler, Nizam Osman Ali Khan, supported by a Muslim elite.
3. Independence Push: The Nizam and the Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen sought independence for Hyderabad, aiming to remain on par with India and Pakistan.

Nizam's Declaration of Independence

1. In June 1947, the Nizam issued a firman declaring Hyderabad's intent to remain independent following the British transfer of power.
2. India rejected this, citing Hyderabad's strategic importance for national security.
3. A temporary Standstill Agreement was signed but failed to resolve the issue.

Hyderabad’s Moves Toward Independence

1. The Nizam financed Pakistan and prepared for military independence by expanding forces and importing arms.
2. He also hired foreign aviators for arms smuggling.

Role of the Razakars

1. The Razakars, a militia aligned with the Nizam, violently suppressed opposition, particularly targeting Hindus and even Muslims favoring integration with India.

Political Agitation

1. Internal conflicts, including a Communist uprising in Telangana, weakened the Nizam’s hold.
2. The Hyderabad State Congress agitated for integration with India, reflecting growing discontent.

International Appeals

1. The Nizam sought British and US support but failed to garner assistance.
2. In August 1948, he appealed to the UN Security Council fearing imminent Indian intervention.

Operation Polo (Hyderabad Police Action)

1. On September 13, 1948, the Indian Army launched Operation Polo to restore order, emphasizing that it was an internal matter.
2. The Nizam surrendered on September 17, 1948, marking Hyderabad's formal integration into India.

Significance of Hyderabad's Accession to India

1. Unity and Integrity: Strengthened the Indian Union, showcasing resilience against opposition.
2. Triumph of Secularism: Highlighted support from Indian Muslims for integration.
3. Prevented Crisis: Preemptive action avoided a potential insurgency and international involvement.
4. Use of Force: Demonstrated India's resolve to protect national interests.
5. Successful Diplomacy: Combination of diplomatic efforts and military readiness secured Hyderabad's accession.

Role of Sardar Patel in Integration of Princely States

1. Interim Government Role: As the Home Minister, Patel laid the groundwork for state integration.
2. Nehru’s Acknowledgment: Recognized as a key leader within the cabinet just before independence.
3. Collaboration with Mountbatten: Worked jointly to convince princes to accede to India, emphasizing the risks of remaining independent.
4. Creation of States Department: Formulated strategies for accession and managing Standstill Agreements.
5. Carrot and Stick Approach: Balanced diplomacy with pressure, demonstrated through border closures and trade restrictions.

Impact on India's Territory

While India lost territory during Partition, it gained significant land and population through the integration of princely states, especially Hyderabad.

Role of Other Leaders

1. Lord Mountbatten: Persuaded monarchs to join the Indian Union, viewed as a credible figure due to his governorship.
2. Jawaharlal Nehru: Advocated for a confrontational stance, dismissing princely sovereignty.
3. C. Rajagopalachari: Emphasized that British control naturally transferred to India.
4. Congress as an Organization: Maintained that princely states could not opt for independence post-British paramountcy.

Conclusion

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's leadership was pivotal in integrating 562 princely states into India, utilizing a blend of diplomacy and decisive action. Operation Polo secured Hyderabad’s accession, significantly expanding India's territory and reinforcing Patel's legacy as the "Iron Man of India."

 

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