Daily Current Affairs Quiz: October 17, 2025

Answer: A [2 and 3 only]
Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: Fundamental Rights are indeed enforceable by courts under Article 32, allowing individuals to seek judicial redress. In contrast, Directive Principles (under Part IV) are non-justiciable, meaning they cannot be enforced by courts but serve as guiding principles for state policy.

Statement 2 is correct: Fundamental Rights act as limitations on the powers of the state, ensuring individual liberties (e.g., right to equality, and freedom of speech). Directive Principles, however, are meant to guide the government in formulating policies aimed at social welfare and justice.

Statement 3 is correct: The 86th Amendment (2002) added Article 21A, which provides for the Right to Education as a Fundamental Right, thereby transforming it from a Directive Principle under Article 45 into an enforceable right.

Statement 4 is incorrect: While Parliament has the authority to amend the Constitution, the Supreme Court has ruled that amendments affecting the basic structure cannot alter Fundamental Rights. The balance between FRs and DPSPs must respect the Constitution’s essential framework.

Answer: B [2 only]
Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: Minerva Mills (1980) upheld the balance between Fundamental Rights (FRs) and Directive Principles (DPSPs). The Court emphasized that neither FRs nor DPSPs can override each other completely, and both must coexist harmoniously. It did not establish a strict separation; rather, it struck down amendments that tried to give absolute primacy to DPSPs over FRs.

Statement 2 is correct: Through judicial interpretation, the right to a healthy environment has been read into Article 21 (Right to Life). Cases like Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar (1991) and M.C. Mehta cases affirmed this.

Answer: B [Only two]
Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: Fundamental Duties, as mentioned in Article 51A of the Indian Constitution, are not enforceable by law, which means that there is no legal penalty for not following them. However, the court can consider them in deciding cases.

Statement 2 is correct: The inclusion of Fundamental Duties serves as a constant reminder to the citizens that while enjoying their rights, they should also be aware of the duties they owe to their country, society, and fellow citizens.

Statement 3 is correct: The inclusion of Fundamental Duties has indeed been instrumental in promoting a sense of discipline and commitment among the citizens towards their nation.

Statement 4 is incorrect: Fundamental Duties are not a unique feature of the Indian Constitution. Other countries, such as Japan and Russia, also have a list of duties for their citizens in their constitutions.

Answer: D [1, 2, 3 and 4]
Explanation:

The Constitution does not formally classify the Directive Principles of State Policy, but based on their content and direction, they are generally classified into three broad categories: Socialistic, Gandhian and Liberal-Intellectual.

Statement 1 is correct: Article 43, which directs the state to secure a living wage and a decent standard of life for all workers, is a Socialistic Principle.

Statement 2 is correct: Promoting cottage industries (Article 43) and prohibiting intoxicating drinks (Article 47) are key Gandhian Principles.

Statement 3 is correct: The separation of the judiciary from the executive (Article 50) and the promotion of international peace (Article 51) are classified as Liberal-Intellectual Principles.

Statement 4 is correct: Article 41, which provides for the right to work, education, and public assistance in certain cases, is also a Socialistic Principle, reflecting the ideals of a welfare state.

Answer: C [All three]
Explanation:

Fundamental Duties are the moral obligations of citizens to help promote a spirit of patriotism and uphold the unity of India. They are mentioned in Article 51A of the Indian Constitution, inserted by the 42nd Amendment in 1976.

Statement 1 is correct: Article 51A(f) states that it is the duty of every citizen “to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.”

Statement 2 is correct: Article 51A(h) states that citizens should “develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.”

Statement 3 is correct: Article 51A(i) states that citizens should “strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement.”