Daily Current Affairs Quiz: August 04, 2025

Statement 1 is correct: The concept of Separation of Powers was first systematically introduced by Montesquieu in his book ‘The Spirit of the Laws’ (1748). He advocated for dividing the powers of government among three distinct branches—Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary—to prevent concentration of power and ensure liberty.

Statement 2 is incorrect: The concept does not suggest that the same person should hold all three offices. On the contrary, it advocates for separating these functions among different bodies or persons to ensure checks and balances and prevent misuse of power.

Statement 3 is incorrect: The Constitution of India does not explicitly mention the doctrine of Separation of Powers. However, it is implicitly embedded in the constitutional framework (e.g., Articles 50, 121, 122, 211, 212, etc.) and upheld by judicial interpretation.

Statement 4 is correct: The primary aim of the doctrine is to prevent the abuse of power by dividing responsibilities and authority into distinct branches, each acting as a check on the others.

Statement 1 is correct: The Estimates Committee of the Indian Parliament is constituted every year. Therefore, its term of office is one year. It is a standing committee that examines how funds are being allocated and spent by various ministries and departments.

Statement 2 is correct: The Chairman of the Estimates Committee is nominated by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha from among its members. The Chairman is always a member of the Lok Sabha (not the Rajya Sabha, which has no representation in this committee).

Statement 1 is correct: The Election Commission of India (ECI) is a constitutional body established under Article 324. It is responsible for conducting elections to the Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of the President and Vice-President of India.

Statement 2 is correct: The ECI has the authority to determine the schedule and timing of elections. It ensures that election dates do not clash with major festivals, examinations, harvest seasons, or important national events, to facilitate smooth conduct.

Statement 3 is incorrect: The ECI does not have the power to deregister political parties—this power has been debated but is not currently vested in the Commission. However, it can regulate and monitor financial transparency to some extent and political parties must submit audited accounts to the Commission, though the power to audit or deregister lies elsewhere.

Statement 4 is correct: The ECI issues the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) to regulate the behavior of political parties and candidates during elections, ensuring free and fair polls.

Statement 1 is correct: The Citizenship Act of 1955 is the primary legislation that governs the acquisition, termination, and determination of Indian citizenship. It lays down the provisions under which a person can become an Indian citizen.

Statement 2 is correct: The Act provides for citizenship through five methods:

• By birth,
• By descent,
• By registration,
• By naturalization, and
• By incorporation of territory (e.g., when territories are merged with India).

Statement 3 is incorrect: The Act has been amended more than five times. Notably in 1986, 1992, 2003, 2005, 2015, and 2019, among others. Therefore, saying it has been amended only five times is incorrect.
Statement 4 is incorrect: India does not allow dual citizenship. While Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) or Overseas Citizens of India (OCIs) may enjoy certain rights and privileges, they are not considered citizens in the full legal sense, and dual citizenship is not permitted under Indian law.

Statement 1 is correct: One of the primary functions of a Constitution is to establish basic rules that allow for minimal coordination among members of a society. These rules help maintain order and predictability in interactions.

Statement 2 is correct: The Constitution clearly defines who holds power in a society—such as the Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary—and how that power is distributed and exercised, ensuring clarity in governance.

Statement 3 is correct: The Constitution also sets limits on the power of the government to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens. It ensures that the government cannot act arbitrarily or beyond its defined powers.