Introduction:

The rise of Indian nationalism in the second half of the nineteenth century was a multifaceted phenomenon driven by a combination of political, social, economic, and cultural factors.

1. Impact of British Rule:

• British colonial policies and the imposition of modern methods of governance, although aimed at exploitation, inadvertently fostered Indian nationalism.
• The introduction of modern institutions and opportunities, despite their distorted implementation, contributed to this growth.

2. Political Unity:

• The British conquest and unification of India under a single administrative framework created a sense of political unity.
• This common subjection and the establishment of common laws and institutions helped foster a sense of oneness among Indians.

3. Peace and Administrative Unification:

• The British established a centralized administrative system, which brought peace and order after the chaotic conditions of the 18th century.
• This administrative unification further contributed to political unity and a sense of national identity.

4. Development of Transport and Communications:

• The development of railways, roads, and communication systems like the postal service and telegraph facilitated the movement of people and ideas across India, promoting national integration and the spread of nationalist ideas.

5. Introduction of Modern Education:

• The introduction of English education exposed Indians to Western liberal and radical thought, inspiring ideas of liberty, nationality, and self-governance.
• This education created a class of educated Indians who became leaders in the nationalist movement.

6. Emergence of a Modern Press:

• The growth of the press, both in English and vernacular languages, played a crucial role in mobilizing public opinion and spreading nationalist ideas.
• Newspapers became a platform for discussing political issues and organizing movements.

7. Rise of the Middle Class Intelligentsia:

• British economic and administrative policies led to the rise of a new urban middle class, which was educated and politically conscious.
• This class became a driving force in the nationalist movement, providing leadership and organization.

8. Influence of Historical Researches:

• Research into India’s ancient history by European scholars highlighted India’s rich cultural heritage, instilling a sense of pride and confidence among educated Indians and fostering a spirit of nationalism.

9. Impact of Contemporary European Movements:

• The nationalist movements in Europe and South America inspired Indian nationalists. The success of these movements demonstrated the possibility of achieving national liberation, influencing Indian leaders and thinkers.

10. Socio-Religious Reform Movements:

• Reform movements like the Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj challenged social and religious orthodoxy, promoting ideas of equality and rationalism.
• These movements contributed to a growing sense of self-respect and patriotism.

11. Racialism and Economic Exploitation:

• The racial discrimination and economic exploitation under British rule led to widespread discontent.
• The realization of economic exploitation and racial superiority claims by the British fueled resentment and a desire for self-rule.

12. Reactionary Policies of British Officials:

• Policies and actions by British officials, such as Lord Lytton’s reduction of the age limit for the Indian Civil Service exam and the Ilbert Bill controversy, highlighted racial discrimination and galvanized Indian opposition.

Conclusion:

These factors collectively contributed to the rise of Indian nationalism by fostering a sense of unity, political consciousness, and a desire for self-determination among Indians. The interplay of these elements laid the groundwork for the organized nationalist movement that would eventually lead to India’s independence.