27-10-2025 Mains Question Answer
Discuss the factors affecting the distribution of temperature on the Earth’s surface.
The distribution of temperature on the Earth’s surface is a dynamic interplay of various geographical and atmospheric factors. These determinants contribute to both horizontal and vertical temperature variations, influencing climate patterns and ecological systems across regions.
Various factors affecting distribution of temperature on the Earth’s surface are:
| Latitude and Solar Radiation | Angular Distribution: | The curved nature of Earth’s surface causes varying angles of incoming solar radiation, with maximum insolation at the equator and minimum at the poles. |
| Length of Day: | Seasonal variations in day length affect the duration of solar radiation reception, particularly prominent in higher latitudes. | |
| Solar Intensity: | The atmosphere’s thickness affects radiation absorption, with equatorial regions receiving more direct rays compared to polar regions. | |
| Land and Water Distribution | Specific Heat Capacity: | Water bodies have higher heat capacity than landmasses, leading to maritime and continental effects. |
| Ocean Currents: | Warm currents like the Gulf Stream increase temperatures in adjacent regions, while cold currents like the Labrador Current decrease temperatures. Example: North Atlantic Drift warming Western Europe by 5-10°C compared to similar latitudes in North America | |
| Marine Heat Waves: | The Indian Ocean experiences significant temperature variations, affecting regional climate patterns and marine ecosystems. | |
| Altitude and Relief Features | Temperature Lapse Rate: | Temperature decreases with altitude at approximately 6.5°C per 1000 meters. |
| Mountain Barriers: | Act as climate barriers, creating distinct temperature zones on windward and leeward sides. | |
| Aspect: | Sun-facing slopes being warmer than shaded slopes in mountainous regions | |
| Atmospheric Conditions | Cloud Cover: | Acts as a thermal blanket, reducing both incoming solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial radiation. |
| Atmospheric Composition: | Greenhouse gases trap heat, contributing to global temperature rise. | |
| Wind Patterns: | Global wind systems redistribute heat from equatorial to polar regions. | |
| Vegetation and Human Activities | Forest Cover: | Dense vegetation moderates temperature through evapotranspiration and shade. |
| Urbanization: | Creates urban heat islands, increasing local temperatures by 2-4°C compared to surrounding areas. | |
| Industrial Activities: | Contribute to anthropogenic warming through greenhouse gas emissions. |
The spatial distribution of temperature is shaped by a complex set of interrelated factors, each exerting varying influence based on regional geography and climatic conditions. Understanding these variables is essential for predicting weather patterns, planning agricultural activities, and addressing climate change challenges.