31-07-2025 Mains Question Answer
The legacy of the Chola dynasty goes beyond temples and sculptures; it provides vital lessons in governance and infrastructure. Discuss with reference to recent recognition of Rajendra Chola’s contributions.
The Chola legacy, revived by PM Modi’s 2025 visit to Gangaikonda Cholapuram, reflects not just temple grandeur but also visionary governance and infrastructure relevant to modern India’s development needs.
Cultural Legacy: Temples and Sculptures with Purpose
- The Cholas built iconic temples like Brihadeshwara Temple at Thanjavur (Rajaraja Chola I) and Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple (Rajendra Chola I), exemplifying Dravidian architectural mastery.
- These temples functioned as religious sanctuaries, economic centres, administrative hubs, and social gathering places.
- Their advanced engineering, especially their earthquake-resilient construction, offers valuable insights for modern seismic-resistant architecture.
- Now listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, they represent India’s architectural legacy on the global stage.
- Nataraja in bronze, showing Shiva in the Tandava posture, is one of the most iconic representations of Indian art—showcasing the Chola mastery in lost-wax bronze casting.
- Chola artisans created freestanding and relief sculptures of gods and goddesses, marked by intricate detailing and fluidity, adorning temple complexes.
Lessons in Governance and Infrastructure
| Aspect | Chola Era Practices | Modern Relevance |
| a) Decentralised and Participatory Governance | Village sabhas and ur councils with elected representatives and codified rules. | Mirrors Panchayati Raj institutions (73rd & 74th Amendments); ensures grassroots democracy. |
| b) Water Management and Irrigation | Extensive network of tanks, canals, and reservoirs, especially in the Cauvery delta. | Model for sustainable water use in drought-prone/flood-affected regions; aids agricultural planning. |
| c) Land Revenue and Taxation | Detailed land records and tax assessments documented in temple inscriptions and copper plates. | Foundation for digitised land reforms like SVAMITVA and DILRMP; helps reduce land disputes. |
| d) Urban Planning and Resilience | Cities like Gangaikonda Cholapuram were multi-functional (religious, administrative, trade). | Lessons for durable urban design and environmental alignment amid growing urbanisation. |
| e) Trade and Connectivity | Rajendra Chola’s naval expedition to Southeast Asia; vibrant ports like Nagapattinam and Mylapore. | Precursor to Sagarmala and Act East Policy; reinforces India’s ancient maritime strength. |
Recent Recognition of Rajendra Chola’s Contributions
- In July 2025, the Prime Minister commemorated 1,000 years of Rajendra Chola’s Southeast Asian campaign at Gangaikonda Cholapuram, highlighting:
- India’s historic role in maritime diplomacy and trade.
- The strategic and civilisational outreach of the Chola empire.
- This move aims to integrate historical consciousness into nation-building narratives, drawing attention to administrative models from India’s past.
- Also supports the promotion of heritage tourism, conservation, and public awareness.
Rajendra Chola’s legacy reminds us that ancient models of governance, infrastructure, and connectivity hold valuable lessons for today. India must adapt these timeless insights for modern and inclusive development.