Ans. The Fundamental Duties (FDs), enshrined in Part IVA (Article 51A) of the Indian Constitution, were added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976. There are a total 11 FDs that serve as a guiding principle for citizens to contribute to the nation’s progress and welfare. While they are not legally enforceable, they provide a moral compass for citizens’ actions and emphasize the collective responsibility for fostering a just, harmonious society.

Significance and Relevance of Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution:

1. Promoting Civic Responsibility: Significance: Fundamental Duties encourage citizens to act responsibly, promoting values such as respect for the Constitution and national symbols. Relevance: By instilling a sense of duty, they foster a culture of respect and patriotism essential for societal harmony.
2. Strengthening National Integrity: Significance: Duties like upholding India’s sovereignty, unity, and integrity (Article 51A(c)) reinforce national solidarity. Relevance: These duties help prevent division and encourage unity, especially in a diverse nation like India.
3. Environmental Awareness: Significance: Fundamental Duty (Article 51A(g)) encourages citizens to protect the environment and biodiversity. Relevance: This duty supports ecological consciousness, essential for addressing modern issues like pollution and climate change.
4. Encouraging Scientific Temper: Significance: Article 51A(h) encourages the development of scientific temper, humanism, and a spirit of inquiry. Relevance: This duty promotes rational thinking and innovation, crucial for progress in a rapidly evolving world.
5. Preservation of Cultural Heritage: Significance: Article 51A(f) mandates citizens to value and preserve the rich heritage of India’s composite culture. Relevance: It promotes cultural pride and awareness, which strengthens the sense of identity and heritage.
6. Supporting Fundamental Rights: Significance: Fundamental Duties act as a moral counterpart to Fundamental Rights, encouraging citizens to uphold their responsibilities along with their rights. Relevance: This balance fosters a culture where rights and duties complement each other, promoting a stable and just society.

Contribution of Fundamental Duties to Society’s:

1. Encouraging citizens to respect the Constitution and national symbols (Article 51A(a)) helps create a responsible citizenry. Example: The Preamble guides citizens in upholding justice, as seen in respect for the national anthem and flag.
2. Duties like preserving the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India (Article 51A(c)) promote national integration.Example: Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat fosters unity and reduces regional tensions.
3. The duty to protect and improve the environment (Article 51A(g)) ensures a sustainable and healthy living environment for future generations.Example: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan encourages cleanliness for better public health.
4. Developing scientific temper (Article 51A(h)) helps foster a rational and informed society that values evidence-based decisions.Example: Digital India initiative encourages innovation and development.
5. By valuing and preserving India’s rich heritage (Article 51A(f)), citizens contribute to cultural diversity and national pride.Example: National Culture Fund helps preserve heritage sites and traditions.
6. Encouraging citizens to promote harmony and the spirit of brotherhood (Article 51A(e)) helps eliminate social tensions and prejudices. Example: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao promotes gender equality and challenges stereotypes.
7. Promoting respect for laws and the Constitution (Article 51A(i)) creates a disciplined society that operates within legal boundaries. Example: The RTI (Right to Information) Act promotes government accountability and transparency.
8. Fundamental duties encourage youth to engage in responsible actions, building a future generation of informed and conscientious citizens. Example:  National Service Scheme (NSS) and National Cadet Corps (NCC) engage youth in community service and development.

Challenges in Enforcement:

1. Non-Justiciability: Fundamental Duties are non-enforceable by courts, leading to a lack of legal consequences for non-compliance.
   Non-Exhaustive: The list omits important duties like voting and paying taxes, limiting its comprehensiveness.
2. Subjectivity and Ambiguity: The vague language in some duties, like ‘noble ideals,’ allows for varying interpretations.
3. Imbalance with Rights: The imposition of duties alongside rights can create imbalance, infringing on individual freedoms.
4. Inadequate Promotion and Awareness: Many citizens lack awareness of their duties, undermining their role in fostering civic responsibility.
5. Reduce Significance: Placement of Fundamental Duties in Part IV diminishes their importance, as they are not on par with Fundamental Rights.
6. Cultural and Social Diversity: India’s diversity challenges the universal application of certain duties across different communities.
7. Political and Institutional Will: Lack of political focus on duties, prioritizing rights over responsibilities, weakens enforcement efforts.
8. No Mechanism for Enforcement: Unlike Fundamental Rights, duties lack a legal enforcement mechanism, limiting their impact.

Conclusion:

Thus, Fundamental Duties play a vital role in shaping responsible citizens and fostering societal well-being. While their non-justiciability and challenges in awareness and enforcement hinder their effectiveness, they remain crucial for the nation’s progress. Strengthening education and awareness about these duties can enhance their relevance and impact on Indian society.